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+ Secondly, as we will see, both in a city, and in village political and The economic power operated through the same institutes - feudal Estate in village and guild in a city. Independence of an economic life was In the future.+ Thirdly, in the Middle Ages of a proportion of an exchange, that is the price, established in
Conformity with custom and the law, instead of as a result of negotiations between
Participants of the transaction. In the Middle Ages the division of labour was already enough developed
And, thanks to it, there was an exchange of products and services between
Specialised workers. But an establishment of conditions of trade and the prices in
Conformity with custom and the law was so fundamental line Medieval economy, as well as unity political and economic Institutes.
Usually the exchange was compulsory in the sense that the overwhelming majority
And handicraftsmen the products and services have been obliged to deliver peasants on
The conditions fixed by the law and custom. The hereditary status of serfs
Rural workers could not be changed, they had no right to change an occupation
Or a residence. Townspeople possessed not much more it a freedom in choosing
Employment; to get access to craft (and not to be the tramp) it was possible only
After an apprenticeship with which the father and, as a rule, in own arranged usually
Guilds. Liverymen have been obliged to carry out manufacture and sale on the general
To rules; they had no right to evade from job on the accepted price. The ideology of system is embodied in expressions: "the fair price" and "Fair wages". The prices and wages represented
Moral judgements about advantage. From the moral point of view a supply and demand
Had no value. The modern concept of the prices and wages as The pragmatical mechanisms providing balance of the markets and placing Resources and not assuming any moral estimations, has come much later. Only accidents compelled the medieval world to begin experiments with Economic utility of the prices equalising a supply and demand: in a case
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